Conversion of C-O-H compounds into hydrogen for power or heat generation

ABSTRACT

Methods are disclosed for generating electrical power from a compound comprising carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. Water is combined with the compound to produce a wet form of the compound. The wet form of the compound is transferred into a reaction processing chamber. The wet form of the compound is heated within the reaction chamber such that elements of the compound dissociate and react, with one reaction product comprising hydrogen gas. The hydrogen gas is processed to generate electrical power.

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 12/033,740, entitled “CONVERSION OF CELLULOSE INTO HYDROGEN FORPOWER GENERATION,” filed Feb. 19, 2008 by Samuel C. Weaver et al., theentire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference for allpurposes.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This application relates generally to power generation. Morespecifically, this application relates to power generation through theuse of C—O—H compounds for generation of hydrogen.

Extensive work has been done on conversion of cellulose, which is oneexample of a C—O—H compound, into ethanol (molecular formula: C₂H₅OH).Ethanol is known as drinking alcohol found in beverages. Ethanol is aflammable solvent and miscible with water and many organic solvents. Thelargest use of ethanol is as a motor fuel and fuel additive. In theUnited States, ethanol is most commonly blended with gasoline as a 10%ethanol blend. This blend is widely sold throughout the U.S. Midwest,and in cities required by the 1990 Clean Air Act to oxygenate theirgasoline during wintertime. The energy returned on energy invested forethanol made from corn in the U.S. is 1.34. This means that it yields34% more energy than it takes to produce it.

There have been several methods of hydrogen extraction from cellulose(C₆H₁₀O₅). One of the methods is focused on using microbal bugs alongwith sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and a catalyst to cause a reaction thatreleases the hydrogen in cellulose and captures the carbon in celluloseas sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃). There is still a remaining need fordeveloping a simpler and cost effective way of generating hydrogen gasfrom C—O—H compounds more generally, and in a fashion that allowsefficient power generation from the reaction-product hydrogen gas.

While various power and heat generation techniques exist in the art,there is still a general need for the development of alternativetechniques for generating power. This need is driven at least in part bythe wide variety of applications that make use of power generation, someof which have significantly different operation considerations thanothers.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Embodiments of the invention provide methods for generating electricalpower from a compound comprising carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. Water iscombined with the compound to produce a wet form of the compound. Thewet form of the compound is transferred into a reaction processingchamber. The wet form of the compound is heated within the reactionchamber such that elements comprised by the wet form of the compounddissociate and react, with one reaction product comprising hydrogen gas.The hydrogen gas is processed to generate electrical power or heat.

The compound may consist of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen in someembodiments. In specific embodiments, the compound comprises celluloseor comprises lignin. The water may comprise liquid water.

A flow of inert gas, such as oxygen or nitrogen, may sometimes beprovided to the reaction chamber. A typical temperature to which thecompound is headed is between 700° C. and 1100° C.

In some embodiments, processing the hydrogen gas comprises burning thehydrogen gas, while in other embodiments, processing the hydrogen gascomprises feeding the hydrogen gas into a fuel cell. In some instances,processing the hydrogen gas may comprise passing reaction-product gasesthrough a reduced-pressure chamber to remove traces of unreacted carbon.In other instances, processing the hydrogen gas may comprise passingreaction-product gases through a water-cooled chamber to removeunreacted water.

Additional embodiments and features are set forth in part in thedescription that follows, and in part will become apparent to thoseskilled in the art upon examination of the specification or may belearned by the practice of the invention. A further understanding of thenature and advantages of the present invention may be realized byreference to the remaining portions of the specification and drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a schematic diagram of a simplified system for conversion ofC—O—H compounds into hydrogen.

FIG. 1B is a schematic diagram of a simplified system for hydrogen to beburned in a combustion chamber.

FIG. 1C is a schematic diagram of a simplified system for conversion ofhydrogen gas into electrical power by a fuel cell.

FIG. 2 is a flow diagram that summarizes general aspects of methods forconverting C—O—H compounds into hydrogen for power generation.

FIG. 3 is a flow diagram that summarizes a first specific method ofconversion of cellulose into hydrogen and steps of conversion ofhydrogen into electrical power.

FIG. 4 is a flow diagram that summarizes a second specific method ofconversion of cellulose into hydrogen and steps of conversion ofhydrogen into electrical power.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Merely for purposes of illustration, certain specific reactionsinvolving cellulose are described herein as an example of how themethods and processes disclosed may be implemented. The techniques havebeen found by the inventors, however, to be readily applicable moregenerally to C—O—H compounds and illustrations using cellulose are notintended in any way to limit the scope of the invention.

Reaction 1 of Conversion of Cellulose into Hydrogen

Cellulose has a molecular formula of C₆H₁₀O₅. One possible reaction isthat cellulose is disassociated in inert gas upon heating to release H₂Oand to generate carbon residue. The reaction may be described by:C₆H₁₀O₅→6C+5H₂OHowever, this is different from the inventor's discovery. The inventorpreviously studied carbonizing cotton for production of carbon fiber.When started, about 15 kg of cotton was used in burning. When theburning ended, about 3 kg of the carbonized cotton was left. It waspuzzling that the average yield of the carbon content was 20%-25% at thetime of the experiment.

A further understanding of this observation in this experiment leads tothe present invention. If the carbon consumes all the oxygen in thecellulose to form carbon dioxide (CO₂), the reaction may be describedby:2C₆H₁₀O₅→5CO₂+7C+10H₂Hence, the remaining carbon may be calculated by using molecular weightas follows:(7 moles×M _(r) of carbon)/(2 moles×M _(r) ofcellulose)=(7×12)/(2×162)=26%.

In addition, if the carbon consumes all the oxygen in the cellulose toform carbon monoxide (CO), the reaction may be defined by:C₆H₁₀O₅→5CO+C+5H₂the remaining carbon may be estimated as below:M _(r) of carbon/M _(r) of cellulose=12/162=7%

Therefore, it is likely that the dominant reaction during celluloseburning may result in a mixture of CO and CO₂, with CO₂ dominant in themixture. Hence, cellulose heated in an inert gas may result in thefollowing chemical reaction:2C₆H₁₀O₅→5CO₂+7C+10H₂  (Reaction 1a)Additional reactions for hydrogen to be burned in oxygen to form waterand for carbon to be burned in oxygen to form carbon dioxide are definedas below:2H₂+O₂→2H₂O  (Reaction 1b)C+O₂→CO₂  (Reaction 1c)

Thermochemistry is a study of energy changes that occur during chemicalreactions. If energy is transferred as heat at constant volume, and nowork is done, the change of internal energy produced is equal to theheat transferred. For a specified change of state ΔU independent of anyprocess, (ΔU)_(v)=q_(v) defined by the first law of thermodynamics. Ifenergy is transferred as heat at constant pressure, the quantity ofenergy transferred can be identified with a change of enthalpy.Therefore, as long as no other work is being done, ΔH=q_(p). Theenthalpy change accompanying a reaction is called the reaction enthalpy(ΔH). An enthalpy of formation is the reaction enthalpy when a compoundis formed from its elements. For a reaction with several reactants andproducts, the enthalpy change ΔH refers to the overall process asfollows:(unmixed reactants)→(unmixed products)The reaction for which ΔH>0 are called endothermic; those for which ΔH<0are called exothermic.

Table 1 lists the enthalpy of formation for compounds such as carbondioxide (CO₂), water (H₂O), and cellulose (C₆H₁₀O₅) and the molecularweight per mole of the compounds. It also lists the specific heat of thecompounds and enthalpy of vaporization of water. Such data provided inthe table are used for calculations of the energy required to heatcellulose and to form water vapor at elevated temperatures.

TABLE 1 Molecular Specific Heat Enthalpy of Enthalpy of Weight C_(p)Vaporization Formation (kJ/mol) (gram/mol) (J/K/mol) (kJ/mol) CO₂ −393.544 — H₂O (g) −241.8 18 33.58 — H₂O (1) −285.8 18 75.29 40.7 Cellulose−87.2 162 230 — (C₆H₁₀O₅)

Referring to reaction 1a now, by using the enthalpy of formation, theenergy release for 2 moles of cellulose is estimated to be as follows:ΔH1=5(−393.5)−2(87.2)=−2141.8 kJIf the remaining hydrogen is burned to form water in Reaction 1b,additional energy released for 2 moles of cellulose is calculated as:ΔH2=10(−241.8)=−2418.3 kJTherefore, the energy release for 2 moles of cellulose is:ΔH=ΔH1+ΔH2=−4560.1 kJThe energy release for 1 mole of cellulose in reactions 1a and 1b isthus −2280 kJ/mol.

If it requires an energy of 92 kJ/mol to heat cellulose, as this iscalculated by the specific heat C_(p) and temperature change forcellulose using the following equation:ΔU=C _(p) ΔT=230 J/K/mol*400K=92,000 J/mol=92 kJ/molThen, the net energy release for cellulose to be burned in inert gas is:ΔH3=−2280+92=−2188 kJ/mol=−2188/162 kJ/g=−13.51 kJ/g

In addition, the residue of 3.5 moles of carbon (or 3.5*12=42 grams ofcarbon) for a mole of cellulose may be potentially burned to form carbondioxide and to release additional energy that is:ΔH4=−3.5*393.5=−1377.3 kJ/mol=−1377.3/162 kJ/g=−8.5 kJ/gThe total energy release for cellulose is estimated by:ΔH4+ΔH3=−13.51−8.5=−22.0 kJ/gThe inventor has performed experiments by using nitrogen gas instead ofargon to displace air, because nitrogen gas costs less than argon gas.However, the average yield of carbon is dropped to 17% from 20-25% whengas is switched from argon to nitrogen, which may be due to theformation of CN, or perhaps nitrogen may not displace oxygen as well asargon gas.Reaction 2 of Conversion of Cellulose into Hydrogen

Another possible reaction for conversion of cellulose into hydrogen isan extension of an old “water gas” technique. In the early days of gaslighting, water gas was generated for street lights and home use. At onetime, about 50,000 companies in the U.S.A. were in the business ofgenerating the water gas. The water gas reaction uses charcoal and waterto generate hydrogen gas as follows:C+H₂O→CO+H₂When the charcoal is heated to about 400° C., water is added to thecharcoal. The reaction of the charcoal and water steam generates carbonmonoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H₂). When both CO and H₂ are burned in thepresence of oxygen (O₂), a large amount of heat is released along withthe formation of CO₂ and H₂O. However, the net energy generated fromthis reaction is about equal to that generated from burning carbon. Thisreaction is still used today, but not frequently, as natural gasreplaces it as a cheaper way to provide gas use.

A possible reaction for generating hydrogen from cellulose by addingwater gas is defined by:C₆H₁₀O₅+7H₂O→6CO₂+12H₂  (Reaction 2a)Hydrogen may be burned in oxygen defined by:2H₂+O₂→2H₂O  (Reaction 2b)In reaction 2a, the energy release is:ΔH=6(−393.5)−87.2−7(−241.8)=−755 kJ/molAlso, for 7 moles of water in the form of liquid to be changed to watervapor at 400° C., a heat absorption of 495 kJ/mol is required. Thisenergy includes the heat of vaporization to convert water from liquid tovapor, the heat required for the temperature changes in both liquid andgas forms of water as estimated by:ΔU=7(40.7+75.29(75)/1000+33.58(300)/1000)=395 kJ/mol

Hence, this heat ΔU added to the energy for heating up 1 mole ofcellulose (92 kJ/mol) gives a total heat required, i.e. 395 kJ/mol+92kJ/mol=487 kJ/mol. Therefore, this reaction has a net energy release(−755 kJ/mol+487 kJ/mol=−322 kJ/mol or 1.99 kJ/g) assuming no energyloss in the process.

However, when the hydrogen is burned in the presence of oxygen, thefollowing energy is released for 1 mole of cellulose:ΔH=12(−241.8)=−2902 kJ/mole=−(2902/162) kJ/g=−17.9 kJ/gThe total energy release from the two reactions is: −1.99 kJ/g−17.9kJ/g=−19.9 kJ/g.Systems for Conversion of C—O—H Compounds into Hydrogen and ElectricalPower or Heat Generation

A general overview of a simplified system 100A for conversion of a C—O—Hcompound into hydrogen is provided with FIG. 1A. The system 100Acomprises a chamber 102, a heating system 110 in a thermal communicationwith the chamber 102, a gas supply line 114 for providing inert gas intothe chamber 102, a water supply line 106 for water to be added to thechamber 102, an exhaust line 118 to allow the product gases (such as H₂and CO₂, depending on the specific compound(s) used) to exit the chamber102 to flow into a gas separator 120, and a controller 112. The C—O—Hcompound 104 is disposed within the chamber 102. Examples of C—O—Hcompounds that the inventors have found suitable for the methods of theinvention include sources of cellulose and/or sources of lignin. Asdescribed further below, some processes may use an inert gas, and thecontroller 112 controls when to flush the chamber 102 with inert gas byusing a valve 116. The controller 112 also controls the heating system110 to provide the elevated temperatures that the chamber needs to causethe C—O—H compound 104 to be dissociated in the environment within thechamber 102. The controller 112 also controls when water is added intothe chamber 102 and the amount of water needed for reacting the C—O—Hcompound 104 and water. The controller 112 further controls thetemperature of the heating system 110 to provide water vapor and to heatthe C—O—H compound 104 to cause the chemical reaction of the C—O—Hcompound 104 with water. The gas separator 120 is to separate theproducts of the reaction (e.g., H₂ and CO₂ gases and perhaps otherreaction products) after the gases (H₂, CO₂) exit the chamber 102. Thehydrogen gas can then be further used to generate electrical power orheat by different systems. In a specific embodiment of the invention,the gas supply line 114 for providing inert gas is not present. In sucha case, air inside the chamber 102 reacts with the C—O—H compound toproduce water and carbon dioxide until the air is depleted.

Technique for hydrogen burning to generate power and/or heat are knownin the art. The entire contents of a U.S. Pat. No. 7,144,826 B2,entitled “Method and Apparatus for the Production of Process Gas Thatincludes Water Vapor and Hydrogen Formed by Burning Oxygen in aHydrogen-Rich Environment” by George Roters, Helmut Sommer, GenrihErlikh, and Yehuda Pashut, are incorporated herein by reference for allpurposes.

For illustration purposes, a simplified exemplary system 100B forhydrogen burn is provided in FIG. 1B. The system 100B comprises acombustion chamber 130, a burner 136 for igniting hydrogen burning inoxygen to form water vapor 138 and generate heat, a H₂ gas supply linefor providing H₂ into the combustion chamber 130, a gas supply line forproviding O₂ into the combustion chamber 130, an exhaust line 140 forwater vapor steam 138 to exit the combustion chamber 130, and an inertgas supply line 142 for providing inert gas to flush the combustionchamber prior to introducing H₂ gas to the combustion chamber 130 inembodiments where such inert gas is used. The ratio of hydrogen gas 132and oxygen gas 134 is provided such that hydrogen may be thoroughlyburned in oxygen. The water vapor 138 may be converted into electricalpower in the converter 140 by any of several techniques known in theart. In general, instead of oxygen, an oxygen-containing gas, such as,among others, NO or O₃, can be used. As noted, in specific embodimentsof the invention, the gas supply line 142 for providing inert gas is notpresent. In such a case, air inside the chamber 130 reacts with theC—O—H compound to produce water and carbon dioxide until the air isdepleted.

After the combustion chamber is filled with hydrogen 132, the heatingsystem 136 is activated and now oxygen 134 is introduced into thechamber. In the combustion chamber 130, the oxygen 134 is introduced,for example, with a time delay of five seconds relative to hydrogen 132.The heating system 136 heats the region near the outlet 144 to about700° C. to ignite the combustion. The ratio of the oxygen 134 to thehydrogen 132 is provided into the combustion chamber so that thehydrogen is completely burned.

Another method of conversion of hydrogen into electrical power is usinga fuel cell. A fuel cell is an electrochemical energy conversion device.It transforms chemical power into electrical power. A fuel cell canconvert hydrogen and oxygen into water and produce electricity and heat.A fuel cell can also use other fuel sources than hydrogen gas, such asliquid fuel like methanol, natural gas, gasoline, and the like. A fuelcell power generation equipment comprises an anode, an electrolytemembrane, a cathode and a diffusion layer, wherein fuel is oxidized atan anode and oxygen is reduced at a cathode, such as described in U.S.Pat. No. 7,192,666 B2, entitled “Apparatus and Method for Heating FuelCells” by John C. Calhoon, the entire contents of which are incorporatedherein by reference for all purposes.

FIG. 1C shows a simplified fuel cell system 100C for using H₂ gas asfuel. The system 100C comprises an anode 154, and a cathode 156, anelectrolyte 158, a hydrogen gas 150 supply line, and an oxygen gas 152supply line. Hydrogen 150 from the gas supply line is fed to the anode154 of the fuel cell, while oxygen 152 from the gas supply line is fedto the cathode 156 of the fuel cell. The hydrogen 100 atoms reactingwith a catalyst 164 in the anode 154, are split into protons 160 andelectrons 162. Meanwhile, an oxygen molecule 152 reacting with acatalyst 166 in the cathode 156, is split into two separate oxygen atomsbearing negative charges.

The electrolyte 158 is positioned between the anode 154 and the cathode156. The electrolyte 158 functions as a conductor for carrying protons160 between the anode 154 and the cathode 156. The protons 160 arepermitted to pass through the electrolyte while the electrons 162 arenot. The protons 160 pass through the electrolyte 158 towards the oxygen152 in the cathode 156. The result is a build up of negative charge inthe anode 154 due to that the electrons 162 are left behind. Theelectrical potential generated by the buildup of electrons 162 is usedto supply electrical power. Meanwhile, the protons diffuse through themembrane (electrolyte) to the cathode, where a hydrogen atom isrecombined at the cathode and reacted with oxygen to form water at thecathode.

There are many types of fuel cells for converting hydrogen and oxygeninto water and generating electricity, for instance, among others,phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC), Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM), MoltenCarnoate Fuel Cell (MCFC), Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC), and AlkalineFuel Cell (AFC). The efficiencies vary from various fuel cells, rangingfrom 30% to 85%.

The chemical reactions also vary from fuel cells. For example, thechemical equations for describing the PEM reactions in the anode,cathode, and the fuel cell are provided as follows:Anode: H₂ (g)→2H⁺(aq)+2e ⁻Cathode: ½O₂ (g)+2H⁺(aq)+2e ⁻→H₂O (l)Fuel Cell: H₂ (g)+½O₂ (g)→H₂O (l)

Another example of the chemical reactions for describing the PAFCreactions is provided below:Anode: H₂ (g)→2H⁺(aq)+2e ⁻Cathode: ½O₂ (g)+2H⁺(aq)+2e ⁻→H₂O (l)Fuel Cell: H₂ (g)+½O₂ (g)+CO₂→H₂O (l)+CO₂Note that PAFCs can tolerate a low concentration of CO₂ of about 1.5%,which allows a broad selection of acceptable hydrogen fuels.Processes for Conversion of Hydrogen into Electrical Power

FIG. 2 provides an overview of methods that may be used for conversionof the C—O—H compound into hydrogen for power generation. In FIG. 2 andin the other flow diagrams, the specific selection of steps shown andthe order in which they are shown is intended merely to be illustrative.It is possible for certain steps to be performed in alternative orders,for certain steps to be omitted, and for certain additional steps to beadded according to different embodiments of the invention. Some but notall of these variants are noted in the description that follows.

At block 204 of FIG. 2, water is combined with the C—O—H compound,examples of which include cellulose and/or lignin. The wet compound intransferred into a reaction processing chamber at block 208. These twosteps provide one example of steps whose order may be changed inalternative embodiments. For example, the compound may be disposed inthe reaction processing chamber in a dry state, with the “transfer”effected by combining it with water while disposed there. In still otherinstances, water may be applied to the compound as it is moved into thereaction processing chamber, such as by using a spray system, as part ofthe transfer.

At block 212, the wet compound is heated within the reaction chamber.Such heating may be accomplished using a variety of different techniquesknown to those of skill in the art, some of which have been describedabove for specific structural embodiments. In some instances, thecompound is heated to a temperature between 700° C. and 1100° C.although other temperatures are known by the inventors also to beeffective. Heating the wet compound causes dissociation and reaction ofthe dissociated elements, with typical reaction products includingmolecular hydrogen H₂ and carbon dioxide CO₂. Molecular hydrogenproduced within the reaction chamber is processed at blocks 216-224,although not all of these steps need be included in many embodiments.

In particular, it is not expected that the production of hydrogen willbe 100% and there may be traces of unreacted elements remaining in thereaction products. For example, passing the hydrogen reaction productthrough a reduced-pressure chamber at block 216 may be useful inremoving traces of unreacted carbon and passing the hydrogen reactionproduct through a water-cooled chamber at block 220 may be useful inremoving unreacted water.

Once the hydrogen has been extracted from the process, it may beprocessed at block 224 to generate energy, such as by using a burningprocess or a fuel-cell process as described above.

FIGS. 3 and 4 provide more specific illustrations of methods of theinvention for particular embodiments. For example, FIG. 3 is a flowdiagram that summarizes a first method of conversion of a source ofC—O—H compound such as cellulose or lignin into hydrogen from reaction1a and then steps for conversion of hydrogen into electrical power. Theprocess starts at block 302 by introducing the source of C—O—H compoundinto a chamber. The chamber is then flushed with inert gas to displaceair in the chamber at block 304. The inert gas may comprise argon,nitrogen, helium, and the like. In a specific embodiment of theinvention, no inert gas is introduced into the chamber so that thechamber is filled with air. The air reacts with the C—O—H compound untilthe air is depleted inside the chamber. The chamber containing thesource of C—O—H compound is heated to cause dissociation of the C—O—Hcompound at block 306. The dissociation results in forming hydrogen gas,carbon dioxide, and carbon residue. The hydrogen gas is separated fromthe carbon dioxide gas at block 308 by techniques known in the art. Thediagram shows two possible ways of conversion of hydrogen intoelectrical power. One way of conversion of hydrogen into electricity isto react hydrogen with oxygen in a fuel cell at bock 312. Another way ofconversion of hydrogen into electrical power is to burn hydrogen gas inoxygen in a combustion chamber at block 310, so that water vapor isformed along with heat release. The water vapor is then fed into anenergy converter for producing electricity from thermal energy bytechniques known in the art.

FIG. 4 is a flow diagram that summarizes a second method of conversionof a source of C—O—H compound into hydrogen from reaction 2a and stepsfor conversion of hydrogen into electrical power. The process starts atblock 402 by introducing the source of C—O—H compound into a chamber.The chamber is then flushed with inert gas to displace air in thechamber at block 404. The inert gas may comprise argon, nitrogen,helium, and the like. In a specific embodiment of the invention, noinert gas is introduced into the chamber so that the chamber is filledwith air. The air reacts with cellulose until the air is depleted insidethe chamber.

Water is then added into the chamber at block 406, as water is needed toreact with the C—O—H compound to form hydrogen and carbon dioxide. Thewater in the form of liquid is heated to be changed to water vapor, andthe chamber containing the source of C—O—H compound is heated to atemperature at which the C—O—H compound may react with the water vaporat block 408. The reaction of C—O—H compound and water results informing a hydrogen gas and a carbon dioxide gas. The hydrogen gas needsto be separated from the carbon dioxide gas at block 410 by techniquesknown in the art.

The diagram shows two possible ways of conversion of hydrogen intoelectrical power. One way of conversion of hydrogen into electricity isto react hydrogen with oxygen in a fuel cell at bock 414. Another way ofconversion of hydrogen into electrical power is to burn hydrogen gas inoxygen in a combustion chamber at block 412, so that water vapor isformed along with heat release. The water vapor is then fed into anenergy converter for producing electricity from thermal energy bytechniques known in the art.

Economical Significance of Reaction 1a and 1b for Electrical PowerGeneration

The present invention may have potential application, such as use as areplacement of gasoline to run automobiles. For example, the reactions1a and 1b may be used to run an engine. If corn is used as a source ofcellulose, and it costs approximately $0.142/kg. Since 1 mole of corn(i.e. 162 g of corn) produces 5 moles of hydrogen (i.e. 10 g ofhydrogen) in reaction 1a, the raw material cost for hydrogen isestimated to be $2.30/kg by the following calculation:($0.142/kg cellulose)×(162 kg cellulose)/(10 kg H₂)=$2.30/kg H₂

For a 30% efficiency of conversion of the heat released during thechemical reaction to electrical power, this process of using corn forelectrical power generation may cost $0.23/kW-hr, which is estimated asthe following:

1 kg H₂ generates 33.6 kW-hr of heat when burned to form water inreaction 1b, this is calculated by:1 kg H₂/(2 g/mol H₂)=500 mol/kg H₂;3600 kJ=1 kW-hr;(500 mol/kg H₂)×(241.8 kJ/mol H₂O)/(3600 kJ/(1 kW-hr))=33.6 kW-hr/kg H₂;($2.30/kg H₂)/(33.6 kW-hr/kg H₂)/(0.3)=$0.23/kW-hrIt is likely that the cost of cellulose is much less than that of corn.If the cost of cellulose is reduced to half, the electrical power costmay be reduced to $0.115/kW-hr, which is competitive with the currentelectrical power cost.Economical Significance of Reactions 2a and 2b for Electrical PowerGeneration

The reactions 2a and 2b may be used to run an engine. Again, when cornis used as a source of cellulose, and it costs about $0.142/kg. Forevery 1 mole (162 g) of cellulose, 12 moles (24 g) of hydrogen isproduced from Reaction 2a. Hence, this converts to a cost of $0.96/kghydrogen, which is estimated by the following calculation:($0.142/kg cellulose)×(162 kg cellulose)/(24 kg H₂)=$0.96/kg H₂.For a 30% efficiency for conversion of heat into electrical power, theelectrical power may cost $0.095/kW-hr as calculated by:($0.96/kg H₂)/(33.6 kW-hr)/kg H₂)/(0.3)=$0.095/kW-hr.It is known that cellulose in corn stalks makes up 55% of the overallweight of the corn, but the corn stalks cost less than corn. This mayreduce the electrical power cost to a range of $0.04/kW-hr. Hence,Reactions 2a and 2b may be more cost effective than Reactions 1a and 1bif only hydrogen burning is considered without burning residual carbonobtained in Reaction 1a. Since in Reaction 1a, for every 1 mole ofcellulose, 5 moles of hydrogen are generated. However, in Reaction 2a,for every 1 mole of cellulose, 12 moles of hydrogen are generated.Potential Application in Automotives

In current automobile use, cars get from 15 to 60 miles per gallongasoline depending upon the size or type of vehicles. At $3.00 pergallon, the cost per mile is $0.05 to 0.20 per mile. If 1 gallon ofgasoline contains 36 kW-hr, gasoline fuel efficiencies consequentlyrange from 0.42 miles/kW-hr (estimated by 15 miles/gallon=15 miles/36kW-hr) for a low mileage SUV to 1.67 miles/kW-hr (estimated by 60miles/gallon=60/36 kW-hr) for high efficiency hybrid, with an averagevehicle having about 0.75 miles/kW-hr.

The cellulose reactions 2a and 2b of the present invention may haveseveral unique features for automotive applications. First of all, byutilizing the waste heat from the engine to heat up the reaction chamberfor hydrogen production, it may potentially recapture the energy of 487kJ/mol that is the heat used to form water vapor at 400° C. and to heatcellulose as discussed above. This may improve the energy output by 17%that is equal to (487 kJ/mol)/(2902 kJ/mol).

Furthermore, the water vapor generated from hydrogen burn in reaction 2bmay be re-circulated into the hydrogen generation chamber so that thewater usage would only be the initial one to start the celluloseprocess. As shown in reactions 2a and 2b, 12 moles of water are releasedfrom each mole of cellulose converted. If the water from reaction 2b isreused without any loss, 5 net moles of water are created from cellulosein reactions 2a and 2b. By proper use and capture of the generated waterfrom Reaction 2b, no net water is needed in sustaining the cellulosereaction process. This may eliminate an initial concern that the weightof 126 g (7 moles) of water for 162 g (1 mole) of cellulose in Reaction2a would be an additional burden to the automobiles.

Additionally, the system for conversion of cellulose into hydrogen forpower generation may reduce the production of carbon dioxide generation,when compared to the use of gasoline. This may help with easing theconcern of global warming issue. For 1 mile per kW-hr as discussedearlier on, the carbon dioxide release in reaction 2a for one mole ofcellulose may be estimated by:(6×44 g CO₂)/(12×2 g H₂)=11 g CO₂/g H₂(11 kg CO₂/kg H₂)/(33.6 kW-hr/kg H₂)/(1 mile/kW-hr)=0.33 kg CO₂/mile

In contrast, gasoline releases about 9 kg carbon dioxide per gallon. Ifa car gets 28 miles/gallon gasoline, the carbon dioxide release from 1mole of cellulose is equal to:28 miles/gallon×0.33 kg CO₂/mile=9.24 kg CO₂/gallonThis is approximately equivalent to that released from gasoline.However, the cellulose process is renewable. If it is possible toachieve 5 miles/kW-hr H₂ that is 5 times of the conservative estimationof 1 mile/kW-hr H₂, then the hydrogen burn would be the equivalent to5×28=140 miles/gallon gasoline equivalent release of carbon dioxide.Therefore, relatively less carbon dioxide may be produced from hydrogenburn.

To predict whether it is possible to use corn as a source of cellulose,an estimation is done as follows: A typical acre of Iowa farmland growsabout 10,000 kg of cellulose and kernel corn. Using Reaction 2a, this10,000 kg of corn produces 1900 kg of hydrogen or 76 MW-hr of heat thatis 23 MW-hr of electrical power at 30% efficiency.

Next, let us determine how effective this may be for automobile uses. Itis known that 243 million private automobiles drove 1660 billion milesin 2005. To replace all of the gasoline usages, it may require 49billion kg of hydrogen. If the production of hydrogen is at 1900 kgH₂/acre, a 26 million acres of corn field is needed to provide thegasoline usages in U.S.A., that is a farmland of 200 miles square forproduction of corn. To replace 10% of the fuel used in U.S.A., it mayrequire a corn field of 64 miles square.

In a broader scope, the world power consumption is 15 TW. The totalannual energy consumption is 15 TW×8760 hr=131, 400 TW-hr. This wouldrequire:(131,400×10¹² W-hr)/(33,600 W-hr/kg H₂)=3.9×10¹² kg H₂This in turn would demand a corn field of 3.125 million square miles ascalculated by:(3.9×10¹² kg H₂)/(1900 kg H₂/acre)=2 billion acres=3.125 million squaremiles.A land of 3.125 million square miles represents 5.4% of the total worldland area. With higher efficiencies, this area may be reduced to 1% ofthe total world land area. It is also possible that lower conversionefficiencies may move the numbers higher.

In addition to using corn as a source of cellulose, paper may be anothersource of cellulose. Currently, U.S.A. uses approximately 100 billion kgof paper annually. This quantity may be sufficient to supply all of theprivate automotive usages if the automotives get 3 miles/kW-hr.

Other Potential Applications

The process for conversion of cellulose into hydrogen may enhance therecycling of cellulose products and turn cellulose waste into powergeneration. For instance, the waste of cellulose includes forest floorsthat currently are not economical to recover, but present a serious firehazard. If it becomes economical to recycle the cellulose waste throughthe use of the present invention, the hazard problem may be reduced.Other cellulose waste that currently ends up in the land fills may alsobe utilized through recycling.

1. A method for generating electrical power or heat from a compoundcomprising carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen, the method comprising:combining water with the compound to produce a wet form of the compound;transferring the wet form of the compound into a reaction processingchamber; heating the wet form of the compound within the reactionchamber such that elements comprised by the wet form of the compounddissociate and react through a non-oxidation reaction, wherein onereaction product comprises hydrogen gas; and processing the hydrogen gasto generate electrical power or heat.
 2. The method recited in claim 1wherein the compound consists of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen.
 3. Themethod recited in claim 1 wherein the compound comprises cellulose. 4.The method recited in claim 1 wherein the compound comprises lignin. 5.The method recited in claim 1 further comprising providing a flow of aninert gas to the reaction chamber.
 6. The method recited in claim 5wherein the inert gas comprises argon or nitrogen.
 7. The method recitedin claim 1 wherein processing the hydrogen gas comprises burning thehydrogen gas.
 8. The method recited in claim 1 wherein processing thehydrogen gas comprises feeding the hydrogen gas into a fuel cell.
 9. Themethod recited in claim 1 wherein the water comprises liquid water. 10.The method recited in claim 1 wherein processing the hydrogen gascomprises passing reaction-product gases through a reduced pressurechamber to remove traces of unreacted carbon.
 11. The method recited inclaim 1 wherein processing the hydrogen gas comprises passingreaction-product gases through a water-cooled chamber to removeunreacted water.
 12. The method recited in claim 1 wherein heating thewet form of the compound comprises heating the wet form of the compoundto a temperature between 700° C. and 1100° C.
 13. A method forgenerating electrical power or heat comprising: heating a wet compound,the compound comprising carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen, such that elementscomprised from the wet compound dissociate and react through anon-oxidation reaction to form at least hydrogen gas; and processing thehydrogen gas to generate the electrical power or heat.
 14. The methodrecited in claim 13 wherein the compound consists of carbon, oxygen, andhydrogen.
 15. The method recited in claim 13 wherein the compoundcomprises cellulose.
 16. The method recited in claim 13 wherein thecompound comprises lignin.
 17. The method recited in claim 13 whereinprocessing the hydrogen gas comprises burning the hydrogen gas.
 18. Themethod recited in claim 13 wherein processing the hydrogen gas comprisesfeeding the hydrogen gas into a fuel cell.
 19. The method recited inclaim 1 wherein the compound comprises cellulose waste.
 20. The methodrecited in claim 13 wherein the compound comprises cellulose waste. 21.A method for extracting hydrogen from a compound, the method comprising:combining water with the compound, the compound comprising carbon,oxygen, and hydrogen, to form a wet compound; heating the wet compoundsuch that elements comprised from the wet compound dissociate and reactthrough a non-oxidation reaction to form at least hydrogen gas andcarbon dioxide gas; and separating the hydrogen gas from the carbondioxide gas.
 22. The method of claim 21, further comprising processingthe hydrogen gas to improve automotive engine efficiency.
 23. The methodof claim 21, further comprising processing the hydrogen to generateelectrical power or heat.